Testosterone Increase Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response of Adult Male Rats Subjected to Panic Attack Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Panic attacks occur when the brain wrongly detects a lack of air triggering a false suffocation alarm system. Panic disorder (PD) patients exhibit greater CO2 chemo-sensitivity and an increasedventilatory response to CO2 compared to normal individuals. Interestingly, the prevalence of PD is ~3 times greater in women than men. Neonatal Maternal Separation (NMS) is a form of stress that disrupts respiratory control development in a sex-specific fashion. We showed that NMS augments the ventilatory response to CO2 in females but not males. These results brought us to propose that testosterone prevents NMS-induced enhancement of the ventilatory response to CO2. Pups subjected to NMS were placed in an incubator for 3 h/day from postnatal day 3 to 12. Control pups remained undisturbed. Rats were reared until adulthood, and the ventilatory response to CO2 was measured by whole-body plethysmography (FICO2 = 0.10, for 10 min). We used gonadectomy to evaluate the effects of reducing testosterone on the hypercapnic response. By comparison with sham-operated animals, gonadectomy augmented the hypercapnic ventilatory response of control rats; an opposite (albeit modest) effect was observed in NMS rats. While these results do not support our initial hypothesis, they highlight the importance of testosterone in regulating the CO2-related respiratory drive in normal rats. Further experiments (hormone measurements) will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the sexual dimorphism of stress-related respiratory disorder such as PD. Supported by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".