Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Fra‐1 in Rat Carotid Body Cells Expressing Leptin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carotid body glomus cells have recently been found to express leptin. In this study, we investigated whether intermittent hypoxia (IH) induced immediate early gene Fra‐1 expression in carotid body cells expressing leptin. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to eucapnic and isobaric IH (120s normoxia, 80s hypoxia; 6.5% O 2 ) or normoxia for 8 h. A blood sample was immediately taken after IH for determination of plasma leptin levels and then the rats were transcardially perfused with Zamboni's fixative. The carotid bodies and the carotid arteries at their bifurcation were excised, paraffin embedded and sectioned at 6 μm for immunohistochemistry. Circulating leptin levels were increased in response to IH. Additionally, glomus cells containing leptin immunoreactivity were found to co‐express Fra‐1 in response to IH. Additionally, these glomus cells that expressed leptin, also expressed the Ob‐Rb, and an increase in pSTAT3 to IH. Taken together, these data suggest that the activation of carotid body glomus cells during IH may contribute to the elevated circulatory leptin levels and that leptin released by the glomus cells may also act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to alter the activity of carotid body glomus cells during IH. Supported by the Heart and stroke Foundation of Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".