Bibliographic record
Abstract
Field observations and measurements show that dry snow slab avalanches initiate by propagating shear fractures within a relatively thin weak layer sandwiched between a planar, stronger, thicker slab above and stronger material below. After initiation, the weak layer fracture can propagate up and down slope for distances which range from about 10 to 100’s of meters to cause tensile fracture through the body of the slab which results in avalanche release. In this paper, dynamic fracture mechanics is applied to slab tensile fracture after which avalanche release is imminent. Two mechanisms for production of tensile stress are explored employing field measurements of slab properties and lab measurements. The first considers inertial effects related to quasi-brittle fracture near the tip of a propagating weak layer shear fracture. The second is concerned with the tensile stress generation from the stress drop behind the crack front as the fracture propagates in the weak layer. Analysis suggest that both mechanisms can contribute to produce the tensile fracture line which precedes avalanche release. Even though both mechanisms may operate together, they are analyzed separately in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".