Nesfatin‐1 is an inhibitor of the growth hormone‐insulin‐like growth factor axis in goldfish (<i>Carassius auratus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Nesfatin‐1, an 82 amino acid peptide cleaved from the N‐terminal of its precursor nucleobindin‐2 (NUCB2), is emerging as a multifunctional peptide in fish. The present study aimed to determine whether nesfatin‐1 plays a role in fish somatic growth by modulating the growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis, using a representative teleost model, the goldfish (Carassius auratus). The results demonstrated that a single i.p. injection of synthetic goldfish nesfatin‐1 significantly decreased the expression of hypothalamic pacap (approximately 90%) and pituitary Gh (approximately 90%) mRNAs at 15 minutes post‐injection. Serum GH levels were also reduced as a result of nesfatin‐1 administration, by approximately 45% and 55% at 15 and 30 minutes post‐injection, respectively. Likewise, in vitro treatment of goldfish dispersed pituitary cells with nesfatin‐1 reduced Gh secretion, suggesting that nesfatin‐1 acts directly on pituitary somatotrophs to inhibit Gh release. Exposure of cultured liver fragments to nesfatin‐1 (0.1, 1 and 10 nmol L‐1) led to a significant reduction in igf‐1 mRNA at 120 minutes and of igf‐II mRNA at 30 and 60 minutes post‐incubation. Collectively, these results indicate a suppressive role for nesfatin‐1 on the goldfish GH/IGF axis. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that NUCB2/nesfatin‐1‐like immunoreactivity, although present in the goldfish pituitary, is not colocalised with GH in goldfish somatotrophs. Thus, nesfatin‐1 does not appear to act in an autocrine manner to regulate GH secretion. Taken together, this research found that the pituitary gland is an important source of endogenous NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 and also that nesfatin‐1 directly suppresses the Gh/IGF axis in goldfish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".