FIRST SUPERNOVAE IN DWARF PROTOGALAXIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using a two-dimensional hydrodynamics code with axial symmetry we explore the chemical, thermal, and dynamical evolution of a shell formed by a high-energy supernova explosion (1053 erg) in dwarf protogalaxies with a total (dark matter plus baryonic) mass 107 Msun at a redshift z = 12. We consider two initial con gurations for the baryonic matter, one without rotation and the other having the ratio of rotational to gravitational energy β = 0.17. The (non-rotating) dark matter halo is described by a quasi-isothermal sphere. We find that the dynamics of the shell is different in protogalaxies with and those without rotation. For instance, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the shell develops faster in protogalaxies without rotation. The fraction of a blown-away baryonic mass is approximately twice as high in models with rotation than in models without rotation. We argue that these differences are caused by different initial gas density profiles in non-rotating and rotating protogalaxies. On the other hand, the chemical evolution of gas in protogalaxies with and without rotation is found to be similar. The relative number densities of molecular hydrogen and HD molecules in the cold gas (T ≤ 103 K) saturate at typical values of 10-3 and 10-7, respectively. The clumps formed in the fragmented shell move with velocities that are at least twice as high as the escape velocity. The mass of the clumps is ≈ 0.1-10 Msun, which is lower than the Jeans mass.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".