The uremic molecule p‐cresol is lowered after supplementing the diet of chronic kidney disease patients with fiber
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CKD patients suffer from uremic symptoms thought to be caused by accumulation of various uremic molecules. Our aim was to determine the effects of fiber on uremic symptoms, quality of life (QoL), p‐cresol and eGFR in CKD patients. A control period (2 wks) was followed a lower fiber period (4 wks; 10 g/d pea hull fiber) and a higher fiber intervention (6 wks; 10 g/d pea hull fiber and 15.0 g/d of inulin). Symptoms and QoL were determined by the KDQOL‐36™, bowel habits by 5‐day journals, plasma p‐cresol by GC‐MS, and kidney function was estimated with CKD‐EPI. Participants (n=13; 6M, 7F) completed the study. No significant changes in overall QoL were observed. “Dry Skin” improved (69±11 to 88±6, p<0.05), as did “Numbness in Hands and Feet” (65±9 to 83±6, p < 0.05). Daily bowel movement frequency increased from 1.4±0.2 to 1.9±0.3/d after 4 and 10 wks of treatment (p<0.05). p‐Cresol decreased from 7.25±1.74 μg/L to 5.82±1.72 μg/L (24%) with treatment (p<0.05 with transformed mean), and 37% in participants who consumed ≥70% of the inulin from 6.71±1.98 μg/L to 4.22±1.16 μg/L (p<0.05). eGFR improved from 42.4±5.0 mL/min/173m2 to 46.2±6 mL/min/173m2 (p<0.05) at 7 wks, but decreased to 44±5 mL/min/173m2 (p=0.07) at study end. Supplementing the diet of CKD patients with fiber may be a dietary therapy to reduce p‐cresol and may improve uremic symptoms. Supported by the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".