Spectrin is sequestered to Enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> pedestals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the small intestine of humans, causing serious diarrhea that can result in death. Upon attachment to host cells, EPEC injects effector proteins that hijack numerous sub‐cellular components, which leads to the generation of actin‐rich pedestals located within the host cells beneath the bacteria. A key effector responsible for pedestal formation is the translocated intimin receptor (Tir). Because EPEC alters the functions of all major cytoskeletal components examined thus far (actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules) we investigated another cytoskeletal protein, spectrin, to test the hypothesis that the spectrin cytoskeleton is also modified by these pathogens. Spectrin was immunolocalized during in vitro infections with wild‐type EPEC and compared to mutants defective in effector secretion as well as Tir‐specific bacterial mutants. Surprisingly, spectrin was sequestered to wild‐type EPEC pedestals, but not to sites of bacterial attachment using EPEC effector mutants. Western blots identified that spectrin levels were equivalent in both infected and control cells. Our findings provide the first evidence of spectrin involvement in pathogenic E. coli ‐mediated disease, whereby spectrin is re‐localized to the pedestals of EPEC. Grant Funding Source CIHR, NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".