OTTOMAN PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY: SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS IN ISTANBUL AND VACCINATION PRACTICES IN SCHOOLS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Epidemic diseases are one of the main threats to the Ottoman Empire in terms of public health, especially from the 18th century to the first quarter of the 19th century. Epidemics such as plague, cholera, malaria and smallpox affected Ottoman subjects in severe, moderate and mild levels at certain periods. In parallel with the epidemic diseases, after the second half of the 19th century, the Ottoman health organization also developed in the context of public health. On the one hand, the Ottoman health system developed as an institution, and on the other hand, it developed in terms of preventive health services based on public health. Of these, smallpox is a common type of smallpox that can cause fatal consequences, especially among children. The only cure for this is vaccination. Considering the risk of transmission among children and the treatment method, vaccination in schools is an important factor in eliminating the disease in the fastest and most effective way. So, vaccination can be done in a healthier and more controlled manner. This study focuses on smallpox and vaccination practices in schools, based on the example of Istanbul.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".