What Do Interindustry Wage Premiums Represent?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate wage structure in Brazil between 2002 and 2015 based on National Household Surveys (PNADs). Given the nature and simultaneity of economic changes in the assessed period, as well as their potential impacts on the labor market, it is reasonable to assume that, despite the stylized fact that wage structure is quite stable, there have been non-negligible changes in the structure of relative wages. First, the labor market has become highly segmented and complex. Second, changes in wage structure have been observed. Relative wages in some sectors have increased, whereas relative wages in other sectors have decreased, suggesting a tendency towards resource allocation to sectors. There are remarkable potential impacts on income and on labor. Sectors that stand out include petroleum and alcohol, mineral extraction, and civil construction. However, if indirect effects are taken into account, via value chains, the petroleum and civil construction sectors have a major contribution. Fund transfers to these sectors would increase good-quality jobs, productivity, and economic value added. Aside from these changes, the international economy has been put through profound transformation (e.g., financial crisis, changes in relative prices), which has affected the sectors unevenly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".