Impact of Mineralocorticoid, Glucocorticoid and Thyroid Hormones on Respiratory Control Development in <i>Lithobates Catesbeianus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emergence of air breathing during Lithobates catesbeianus development requires significant changes to the brainstem circuits that generate and regulate breathing; however, the mechanisms responsible for this transformation remain largely unknown. Because this metamorphosis is regulated by hormones such as corticosterone, aldosterone, and thyroid hormone (T3), we tested the hypothesis that exposing the brainstem to these hormones augments the fictive air breathing frequency in Lithobates tadpoles. Brainstems were isolated from pre‐metamorphic tadpoles (TK V to X) and placed in a bottle containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid and one of the following hormones: aldosterone (100nM), corticosterone (100nM), T3 (100 nM) or a combination of two of the preceding components for 24 hours. The effect of hormone exposure on respiratory activity was quantified by extracellular recording of rhythmic motor output from cranial nerves V and X. By comparison with preparations subjected to sham treatment, hormone exposure generally increased fictive air breathing frequency; the highest lung burst frequency was observed in brainstems exposed to the aldosterone‐T3 combination. To assess the treatment effects on the overall system functionality, sham and hormone treated tadpoles were kept in a recording chamber for 24h after which we recorded their ventilator activity by measuring changes in buccal pressure. Interestingly, the results showed the same trend as the one observed with the brainstem preparation. We conclude that hormones play an important role in the maturation of the neural circuits that generate and regulate breathing in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".