A Review on Li Zhizao’s Scientific Translation and His Contribution to the Chinese Science Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the period from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, some Chinese scholars began to translate western science and culture. Li Zhizao, an excellent Chinese scientist, not only introduced a lot about western religion to the Chinese people, but also translated a great deal of western scientific knowledge. He committed himself to the introduction of western science and translation of western books, greatly promoting the advance of science in China. This paper first reviews the previous studies on scientific translation during the period from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, and the previous studies on Li Zhizao, then holds that: (1) the previous studies mainly focus on the contribution of Li Zhizao as a scholar or translator in general, rather than his specific translation activities and his translation contribution to the Chinese science development; (2) the previous studies are relatively scattered and need to go deeper. Therefore, a systematic and in-depth study of Li Zhizao’s translation needs to be made.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".