Advancing age and loss of ovarian hormones impair flow‐induced dilation in the female coronary microvasculature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prior to menopause, the progression of cardiovascular disease with age is more rapid in men than in women; however, it remains unknown whether the cardiovascular protection experienced by premenopausal women is due to the presence of ovarian hormones. We tested the hypothesis that endothelium‐dependent dilation is impaired with advancing age in coronary arterioles from female rats, and would be further impaired by a decline in or removal of estrogen. Coronary arterioles were isolated from young (6 mo), middle‐aged (14 mo), and old (24 mo) control, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX + estrogen‐replacement (OVE) Fischer‐344 female rats to assess dilation to flow (FID) and dea‐NONO‐ate. FID was greater in arterioles from young and middle‐aged control rats as compared to old control rats. OVX decreased FID in arterioles from young and middle‐aged rats, but had no effect in aged rats. Conversely, OVE restored or improved FID in arterioles from OVX rats as compared to control rats. Protein and mRNA expression of AKT and eNOS, both key signaling proteins in FID, were significantly reduced in coronary arterioles from old control and OVX rats. Dea‐NONO‐ate, an exogenous NO donor, produced similar vasodilation in all groups. These data indicate that endothelium‐dependent FID is impaired with advancing age in coronary arterioles from female rats, and estrogen‐replacement can improve or restore FID in OVX rats. NIH: HL077224 ‐02.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".