Are Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Insomnia Comorbid with Depression? A Pilot Study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: To distinguish insomnia comorbid with depression (ICD) from chronic insomnia disorder (CID) by exploring the relationship between serum levels of frequently overlooked anti-inflammatory cytokines and cognitive function. Methods: A total of 42 ICD patients, 63 CID patients, and 42 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used to assess sleep quality and depression severity, respectively. The Chinese-Beijing version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA-C) and Nine-Box Maze Test (NBMT) were used to assess cognitive function. Serum levels of anti-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-28A), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, and the chemokine regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The ICD group had significantly more errors in the spatial reference task (H=2.55, P s =0.03) and spatial working memory task (H=5.67, P s < 0.01) of the NBMT, as well as lower levels of IL-1RA (H=− 2.85, P s =0.01), IL-4 (H=− 3.28, P s < 0.01), IL-5 (H=− 3.35, P s < 0.01), IL-10 (H=− 4.46, P s < 0.01), and IL-28A (H=− 2.75, P s =0.02) than control subjects. Compared with the CID group, the ICD group had significantly more errors in the spatial reference memory task (H=− 2.84, P s =0.01) of the NBMT, and lower levels of IL-5 (H=3.41, P s < 0.01), IL-10 (H=5.30, P s < 0.01), IL-13 (H=3.89, P s < 0.01), and GM-CSF (H=2.72, P s =0.02). A partial correlation analysis showed that the level of one or more of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β 1 was positively correlated with cognitive function (MoCA-C score and/or performance in spatial memory task) in ICD patients. Conclusion: ICD is a distinct condition that can be distinguished from CID based on immune dysfunction and specific types of cognitive dysfunction. Keywords: insomnia, depression, cytokine, cognition
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it