The effects of betaine supplementation on Pcyt2 +/− (ETKO) mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of choline metabolite betaine on alleviation of metabolic syndrome phenotype was investigated in CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase knockout mice (ETKO). Adult ETKO gradually develop liver steatosis, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance even on a chow diet. Obese ETKO and lean 34‐week old wild‐type littermates (WT) were subjected to normal chow diet and supplemented with or without 1% betaine in drinking water for 8 weeks. The food and water intake along with total body weight were continuously monitored and the plasma and tissues lipid content, adipocyte size and liver steatosis were investigated at the end of the treatment. In 8 weeks, untreated ETKO and WT similarly gained 9.7%–10.4% of their initial body weight. Betaine treated ETKO however lost 4.2% of total body weight and there was no betaine effect on WT littermate weight. Treated ETKO plasma triglycerides (TAG) were reduced 40.9% and liver diacylglycerol (DAG) and TAG were reduced by 50% and 37.4% respectively. Significant reductions in adipocyte size and lipid droplet content in treated ETKO livers were histologically observed. The ETKO genes involved in liver lipogenesis including sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 (SREBP‐1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl‐CoA desaturase ( SCD‐1), diglyceride acyltransferase‐1 (DGAT‐1) and diglyceride acyltransferase‐2 (DGAT‐2), had significantly reduced levels of expression after betaine treatments. Mitochondrial genes for fatty acid oxidation such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α), were on the other hand up‐regulated in comparison to betaine untreated ETKO. The data demonstrates a positive effect of betaine in improving negative effects of obesity and on overall lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Grant Funding Source : Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural affairs
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".