Chaos Game Representation of Audio Signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Audio measurements are fundamental to daily life and have been used to perform a variety of tasks including the classification of human sounds (e.g. talking or coughing) and environmental acoustic monitoring. Audio visualization methods have been introduced to represent both the time- and frequency-domain information of a recording. In this paper we introduce Chaos Game Representation (CGR) to investigate possible reoccurring local and global patterns within audio measurements to supplement current audio visualization methods and for possible use in the training and evaluation of learning algorithms. A major challenge of the application of CGR within audio-space is quantization. Here, we leverage the non-uniform μ-law ( μ = 255) quantization as the basis for the first quantized audio CGR representation. We propose a 256-nodal arrangement of the quantized states from an audio measurement for playing the Chaos Game to generate visualizations that capture both local and global sequential time-series information. CGRs were generated for 287,756 individual audio measurements (pure sinusoids, linear & quadratic chirps, and ambient audio measurements from DCASE2018). A typology of visually observable patterns is discussed describing the relationship between the time-series audio signal and their resulting CGR visualizations. These images may be leveraged for training image-based classifiers for audio classification tasks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".