Modelling the formation and evolution of glaciovolcanic caves and chimneys.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Localised elevated subglacial or subnivean geothermal activity has the potential to influence the morphology and flow of glaciers. Under conditions where the meltwater produced by these glaciovolcanic interactions is effectively drained away from the geothermal source, glaciovolcanic voids may form. These voids can only exist if the influx of geothermal vapours/gases provides more heat for melting than can be compensated by the inflow of ice. We identify two distinct glaciovolcanic void morphologies: horizontal passageways or chambers beneath the ice/snow, termed caves, and vertical shafts, termed chimneys. Both transient and long-lived caves and chimneys have been observed, with their formation sometimes being precursory or concurrent expressions of volcanic unrest. A better understanding of these features can therefore aid volcano monitoring programs and volcanic hazard assessments. Here we investigate the relationships between glaciological and geothermal conditions and their effects on the formation and evolution of glaciovolcanic caves and chimneys. We adapt existing analytical models, originally developed to describe subglacial hydrology, to derive and balance expressions for the radial melt-opening and creep-closure to find steady-state solutions for cave and chimney geometries. The effects of localised geothermal heat fluxes on fully drained glaciovolcanic voids are further investigated using a numerical full-Stokes ice-flow model. Idealised voids, subject to a prescribed geothermally induced mass balance, are inserted within synthetic glaciers of variable bed slope and thickness. Transient simulations are then used to map out the parameter space that influences the formation and evolution of glaciovolcanic caves and chimneys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".