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A next-generation optical sensor for IceCube-Gen2
Vedant Basu, A. Ishihara, Markus Dittmer, Nobuhiro Shimizu, Markus Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Maryon Ahrens, Cyril Martin Alispach, P. Allison, A. A. Alves, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, Rui An, K. Andeen, Tyler Anderson, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, T. C. Arlen, Yosuke Ashida, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Anastasia Maria Barbano, I. Bartos, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, S. Baur, Ryan Bay, J. J. Beatty, K.-H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, Chiara Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, Abigail Bishop, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, Matthias Boddenberg, M. Böhmer, Federico Bontempo, Jürgen Borowka, S. Böser, O. Botner, Jakob Boettcher, Etienne Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Sally-Ann Browne, A. Burgman, R. T. Burley, Raffaela Busse, Michael Campana, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Maddalena Cataldo, Chujie Chen, D. Chirkin, K. Choi, Brian Clark, Kenneth Clark, Rogan Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, Gabriel Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Christian Dappen, Pranav Dave, Cosmin Deaconu, C. De Clercq, Simon De Kockere, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, Sam De Ridder, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, Meike De With, T. DeYoung, Sukeerthi Dharani, Alejandro A. Díaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, M. A. DuVernois, Emily Dvorak, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, Ralph Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Aaron Fienberg, Kirill Filimonov, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Elizabeth Friedman, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, Simone Garrappa, Andreas Gärtner, L. Gerhardt, Roman August Gernhaeuser, L. Gerhardt, Pawan Giri, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, Thorsten Glusenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, Javier González, Sreetama Goswami, Darren Grant, T. Grégoire, Spencer Griswold, Mehmet Gündüz, Christoph Günther, Christian Haack, Allan Hallgren, R. Halliday, S. Hallmann, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Martin Ha Minh, Kael Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Jim Haugen, A. Haungs, Simon Hauser, D. Hebecker, D. Heinen, K. Helbing, Brian Hendricks, Felix Henningsen, Emma C. Hettinger, Stephanie Hickford, Joshua Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Kara Hoffman, Benjamin D. Hoffmann, Ruth Hoffmann, Tobias Hoinka, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Holzapfel, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, Matthias Huber, Thomas Huber, T. Huege, K. Hughes, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, Seongjin In, N. Iovine, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, B. J. P. Jones, O. Kalekin, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, T. Katori, U. Katz, M. Kauer, A. Keivani, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, Ken'ichi Kin, Thomas Kintscher, Joanna Kiryluk, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, Sandro Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, C. B. Krauss, Ilya Kravchenko, Ryan Krebs, Emma Kun, Naoko Kurahashi Neilson, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Jiwoong Lee, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Yijia Li, Massimiliano Lincetto, Qinrui Liu, Maria Liubarska, Elisa Lohfink, John LoSecco, Cristian Jesús Lozano Mariscal, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, William Luszczak, Yang Lyu, W. Y., J. Madsen, Kendall Mahn, Yuya Makino, Sarah Mancina, Shivesh Mandalia, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, Thomas McElroy, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, Z. S. Meyers, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, A. Nelles, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, Dave Nygren, Eric Oberla, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Marie Oehler, A. Olivas, Anastasiia Omeliukh, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, László Papp, Nahee Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Lilly Peters, T. C. Petersen, Josh Peterson, Saskia Philippen, Damian Pieloth, Sarah Pieper, J. L. Pinfold, Martin Pittermann, A. Pizzuto, Ilse Plaisier, M. Plum, Yuiry Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, Maria Prado Rodriguez, P. Buford Price, B. Pries, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, Christoph Raab, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, R. Reimann, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, Mike Richman, Benedikt Riedel, Michael Riegel, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, Joakim Sandroos, P. Sandstrom, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, Sourav Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Merlin Schaufel, Harald Schieler, Sebastian Schindler, P. Schlunder, Torsten Schmidt, A. Schneider, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, M. H. Shaevitz, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, Daniel Smith, Ben Smithers, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, Dennis Soldin, S. Söldner‐Rembold, Daniel Southall, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, Robert Stein, Joeran Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, A. Taketa, Hiroyuki Tanaka, F. Tenholt, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, S. Tilav, Franziska Tischbein, Kirsten Tollefson, Lenka Tomankova, Christoph Tönnis, Jorge Torres, S. Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexander Trettin, Maria Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, Roxanne Turcotte, Colin Turley, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Bunheng Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Justin Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Darko Veberič, Stef Verpoest, A. G. Vieregg, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, Timothyblake Watson, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Andreas Weindl, Lars Steffen Weinstock, Matthew Weiss, Jan Weldert, Christoph Welling, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, Nathan Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Dawn Williams, Stephanie Wissel, Martin Wolf, K. Woschnagg, Gerrit Wrede, Steven Wren, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xianwu Xu, Yiqian Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, S. Yoshida, Shiqi Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Zelong Zhang, Simon Zierke
Bibliographic record
VenueProceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021) · 2021
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityChiba UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftMichigan State UniversityNational Research FoundationWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of OxfordCompute CanadaMarquette UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonU.S. Department of EnergyVetenskapsrådet
KeywordsUpgradeObservatoryElectronicsComputer scienceBorosilicate glassComponent (thermodynamics)Wireless sensor networkElectrical engineeringEngineeringPhysicsOperating systemAstronomyMaterials science
Abstract
For the in-ice component of the next generation neutrino observatory at the South Pole, IceCube-Gen2, a new sensor module is being developed, which is an evolution of the D-Egg and mDOM sensors developed for the IceCube Upgrade. The sensor design features up to 18 4-inch PMTs distributed homogeneously in a borosilicate glass pressure vessel. Challenges arise for the mechanical design from the tight constraints on the bore hole diameter (which will be 2 inches smaller than for IceCube Upgrade) and from the close packing of the PMTs. The electronics design must meet the space constraints posed by the mechanical design as well as the power consumption and cost considerations from over 10,000 optical modules being deployed. This contribution presents forward-looking solutions to these design considerations. Prototype modules will be installed and integrated in the IceCube Upgrade.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.336
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.054
GPT teacher head0.278
Teacher spread0.224 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations4
Published2021
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes