Turbulent flow characteristics responsible for current-induced scour around a complex pier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the turbulent flow characteristics around a complex pier (CP) with an elliptical pile-cap to understand the mechanics of the flow responsible for current-induced scour. The velocity data are recorded using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter for a Reynolds number of 67 745. This study gives mean velocities in different horizontal and vertical planes, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, and spectral analysis around the CP. The streamwise spectra with vortex-shedding frequencies and corresponding Strouhal numbers are discussed for three distinct regions generated by CP. The elliptical pile-cap shields the downward flow at the upstream of the column and the upward-moving wakes at the downstream of the CP, responsible for the sediment entrainment around a pier. In comparison, the effect of perturbed flow around the CP was considerably less than that of the simple pier, resulting in less scour around the CP for identical flow situations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".