Laboratory investigation of backfill erosion around rigid pipes with defective joints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water infiltration is one of the most significant underlying causes of deterioration in buried rigid pipes, which can bring about erosion voids in the backfill that will increase the severity of the soil loading and produce structural failures. Based on model tests, the effect on the erosion is examined for two infiltration scenarios involving a defective joint. Joint leakage is represented using idealised apertures across the invert. Monitoring of the mass flux of sand, the flow rate of water and the development of visible voids enabled the identification of three successive stages during infiltration erosion: initial leakage, primary erosion and then a metastable state. Initial voids occurred at the elevation near the air-entry head in the backfill, then extended downwards to the wide aperture, while the bridge formed in the narrow aperture limited further erosion and reduced the permeability. A practical framework was proposed and verified to predict the geometry of the void envelopes in the backfill for different experimental scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".