Differential effects of early or late exposure to prenatal maternal immune activation on mouse embryonic neurodevelopment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) in utero is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. MIA-induced deficits in adolescent and adult offspring have been well characterized, however, less is known about the effects of MIA-exposure on embryo development. To address this gap, we performed high-resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the effects of early (gestational day [GD]9) and late (GD17) MIA-exposure on embryo (GD18) brain structure. We identify striking neuroanatomical changes in the embryo brain, particularly in the late exposed offspring. We further examined hippocampal neuroanatomy using electron microscopy and identified differential effects due to MIA-timing. An increase in apoptotic cell density was observed in the GD9 exposed offspring, while an increase in the density of dark neurons and glia, putative markers for increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, was observed in GD17 exposed offspring, particularly in females. Overall, our findings integrate imaging techniques across different scales to identify differential impact of MIA-timing on the earliest stages of neurodevelopment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".