Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level is associated with cognitive impairment in people aged 65 years and older
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the population, especially in older people. In recent years, studies have revealed an association between a low vitamin D level and cognitive decline. The present research aimed to investigate the relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) level with cognitive function in senior patients. METHODS: We recruited 299 patients aged 65 years and older. The patients were grouped based on their serum 25-OH-D levels into group A (<10.0 ng/mL), B (10.0-19.9 ng/mL), and C (≥20.0 ng/mL). Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale. RESULTS: MMSE and MoCA scores were significantly lower in group A (26.02±3.99 and 21.56±5.59, respectively) than in group B (27.34±2.79 and 23.94±4.74, respectively) and group C (27.65±2.54 and 24.95±4.45, respectively). The proportion of patients with cognitive impairment was increased in group A (71.1%) compared to group B (55.3%) and group C (43.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (both P<0.01). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that MMSE and MoCA had a positive relationship with serum 25-OH-D level (β=0.173 and 0.243, both P<0.01) with adjustments for factors as age, sex, and education level. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that MMSE and MoCA scores were correlated with serum 25-OH-D level, age, and education level. CONCLUSIONS: A lower level of 25-OH-D is common in senior patients and is associated with cognitive impairment. Patients with severe deficiency of vitamin D (serum 25-OH-D level <10 ng/mL) have lower MMSE and MoCA scores and a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".