Los métodos de la reforma informal (The Methods of Informal Amendment)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spanish Abstract: Los academicos han mostrado que las constituciones escritas pueden ser reformadas de manera informal con efectos similares a los que tendria una reforma formal. Pese a ello, los diversos metodos de reforma informal aun no estan bien organizados para poder analizarlos y compararlos. En este articulo examino las formas de la reforma informal, las clasifico como convencionales y no convencionales y propongo un tipo de reforma informal que aun no ha sido apreciado ni teorizado: el desuso constitucional. La desuetud constitucional ocurre cuando una regla constitucional escrita pierde sus cualidades vinculantes sobre los actuales actores politicos como resultado de su desuso consciente y constante y del repudio publico por parte de los actores politicos que los precedieron. El desuso constitucional se asemeja –pero a la vez se diferencia– de las demas formas de reforma informal: es similar porque cambia los significados de las disposiciones constitucionales sin alterar el texto constitucional, pero es diferente en el entendido de que conduce a que la Constitucion pierda validez politica pese a que se mantiene intacto el texto. En este estudio utilizo el ejemplo de la Constitucion de Canada para ilustrar el fenomeno del desuso constitucional. English Abstract: Scholars have shown that codified constitutions may be amended informally with similar effect as a formal amendment. Yet the many forms of informal amendment are not well organized for analysis and comparison. In this article, I examine the forms of informal amendment, I classify them as either conventional and unconventional forms of informal amendment, and I subsequently introduce an as-yet underappreciated and undertheorized form of informal amendment: constitutional desuetude. Constitutional desuetude occurs when a codified constitutional rule loses its binding quality upon political actors as a result of its conscious sustained disuse and public repudiation by preceding political actors. Constitutional desuetude both resembles and differs from other forms of informal amendment: it is similar because it changes constitutional meaning without altering the constitutional text yet it is different because it renders the constitutional text politically invalid though it remains codified and unchanged. I draw from the Constitution of Canada to illustrate the phenomenon of desuetude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".