A Modern High-Precision Calculation of Deep Underground Cosmic Ray Muons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a new efficient calculation to propagate cosmic ray muons from the surface of the Earth to deep underground laboratories, allowing us to look at the physics and performance of various models of high-energy cosmic rays. The evolution of cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere is computed with MCEq (Matrix Cascade Equation), taking into account different combinations of primary and hadronic interaction models in order to calculate the muon flux at the surface. The latter serves as an input for the Monte Carlo code PROPOSAL (Propagator with Optimal Precision and Optimised Speed for All Leptons) to propagate the muons through the rock. A forward prediction for underground muon spectra at different slant depths, including the muon survival probabilities and underground energy spectra, is calculated with very high precision. The reliability of this state-of-the-art calculation was achieved by comparing the results obtained for the vertical muon intensity and total muon flux with the measured data at various underground sites with both flat overburdens and mountains. The implications of the results as well as the seasonal variation of the muon flux will also be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".