Simulation of a Stand-alone Hybrid PV-Diesel Systems for Critical Island Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Micro-grid is an effective solution to increase the power distribution reliability by using renewable energy sources or hybrid with a diesel generator. In this research, a hybrid energy system using a solar power system designed for extraction of 100 kW at peak power, at standard condition 1000 W/m2 and 25 ˚C with a diesel generator designed 500 KVA at peak power is simulated for a standalone microgrid utilities. For extraction maximum power, the duty ratio of a converter is adjusting based on the specific value of maximum power point (MPP) voltage of the PV array. Thus, the DC voltage of the inverter side is kept constant to meet the grid specifications, e.g. 400 V and 50 Hz. The PV array is modelling by nonlinear equations which describe the effect of real irradiance levels for the Western Desert in Egypt on DC voltage. The solar power system is designed in an actual location with a diesel generator, supplying a three-phase load of about 300 KW contain 60 KW of critical police loads and 240 KW of normal police loads. Due to the fluctuations in solar irradiance, load sharing between the PV system and the diesel generator is controlled. The load sharing is verified numerically by the Newton-Raphson method for a three-bus ring distribution system. Numerical and simulation results show the capability of the designed PV system to share the load with the diesel generator over the year.The proposed system helps to achieve security and stability, especially in border and remote places due to the high cost of connecting these places with the public network, as well as the difficulty of maintaining diesel generators and delivering fuel. Due to the sunny climate of the Western Desert in Egypt, so the hybrid energy system with any renewable sources helping in increase generation capacity for any future extension loads power requirements without increase the storage units of diesel generator, reduce maintenance of diesel generator, increase the lifetime of diesel generator, helping to keep the environment clean, maintains reliable electricity to the consumer and can be portable from place to another without any additional cost. The proposed system helps to achieve security and stability, especially in border and remote places due to the high cost of connecting these places with the public network, as well as the difficulty of maintaining diesel generators and delivering fuel. Due to the sunny climate of the Western Desert in Egypt, so the hybrid energy system with any renewable sources helping in increase generation capacity for any future extension loads power requirements without increase the storage units of diesel generator, reduce maintenance of diesel generator, increase the lifetime of diesel generator, helping to keep the environment clean, maintains reliable electricity to the consumer and can be portable from place to another without any additional cost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".