NAFTA and the USA-Colombia FTA: Learning from the Past?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
English Abstract: Back in 1992, a commercial agreement was signed between USA and Mexico (and Canada), which was supposed to promote the economic growth of its members by removing barriers to trade and investment among the three nations. Twenty years later, some studies indicates that the US have lost more jobs than those created by the agreement and moved from positive to negative trade balance with Mexico, all that due to American companies reallocating their production in Mexico, limiting the possibilities of higher wage claims for low-income workers in USA. Mexico, on the other hand, has not seen the positive impact on manufacturing wages NAFTA was supposed to exert. Based on this experience, what can be expected from the Free Trade Agreement between USA and Colombia in force since May 2012, since it is expected to achieve similar goals than NAFTA using similar policies? Spanish Abstract: En el ano 1992, Estados Unidos, Mexico (y Canada) firmaron un acuerdo comercial con el fin de promover el desarrollo economico de sus miembros a traves de la eliminacion de barreras al comercio y la inversion entre las tres naciones. Veinte anos mas tarde, algunos estudios indican que Estados Unidos ha perdido mas trabajos de los que el Tratado ha creado; ha convertido en negativo el otrora positivo balance comercial con Mexico, como consecuencia de la reubicacion de empresas americanas en Mexico y ha reducido las posibilidades de mejores sueldos entre los trabajadores de bajos ingresos en Estados Unidos. Mexico, por su parte, no ha visto los esperados impactos positivos en los sueldos del sector manufacturero. Basados en esta experiencia, ?que puede esperarse del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Colombia puesto en marcha en mayo de 2012, siendo que dicho tratado plantea utilizar politicas similares para alcanzar objetivos tambien similares? Portuguese Abstract: Em 1992, Estados Unidos, Mexico (e Canada) assinaram um acordo de comercio, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento economico dos seus membros atraves da eliminacao das barreiras ao comercio e investimento entre as tres nacoes. Vinte anos depois, alguns estudos indicam que o Estados Unidos perdeu mais trabalho que criouse o Tratado; tornouse negativo o saldo antigo positiva comercio com o Mexico, devido a deslocalizacao de americano empresas no Mexico e reduziu as possibilidades de melhores salarios entre os trabalhadores de baixa renda dos Estados Unidos. Mexico, por sua vez, nao viu o impacto positivo esperado sobre os salarios no setor industrial. Com base nessa experiencia, o que pode esperar o acordo de livre comercio entre Estados Unidos e Colombia, lancado em maio de 2012, sendo que esse Tratado gera usar politicas semelhantes tambem semelhantes objectivos?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".