Potential Mechanical Ventilation System For Emergency Care During Spaceflight Missions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neurally Adjusted Ventilation Assist (NAVA) technology is an autonomous mechanical ventilator that is triggered by diaphragm activity (EAdi) to provide the necessary assisted breath required by the patient. This technology could be an asset toward medical autonomy during spaceflight missions. PURPOSE: To test if NAVA has potential for increasing medical autonomy during spaceflights and to test ventilatory assist with NAVA at rest and during steady state physical exercise. METHODS: EAdi, respiratory frequency (RF), tidal volume (VT) and pulmonary ventilation (VE) were measured on 5 participants (males, age: 24.8 ± 2.8 yrs, height: 1.74 ± 0.07 m, weight: 71.8 ± 11.9 kg, V02max: 51.42 ± 5.32 ml/kg/min) during 6 minutes of resting breathing (T0) and during 10 minutes at 70% of V02max on an ergocycle (T1: minutes 1-3 and T2: minutes 8-10). This protocol was performed without (WO) and with NAVA (W) 30 minutes later. Paired T-tests were performed between both conditions. RESULTS: A slightly lower EAdi was observed with NAVA at T0 (WO: 3.52 ± 1.04 μV, W: 2.67 ± 0.88 μV, p = 0.2761), T1 (WO: 15.74 ± 4.79 μV, W: 15.34 ± 6.16 μV, p = 0.9190) and T2 (WO:23.42 ± 4.4 μV, W:23.19 ± 2.83 μV, p = 0.9105). However, NAVA was activated at every inspiration meaning that the electrodes on the naso-gastric tube can capture EAdi at high RF; T0 (WO: 13 ± 3, W: 14 ± 6 breaths/min), T1 (WO: 21 ± 2, W: 18 ± 4) and T2 (WO: 27 ± 4 and W: 23 ± 4). VE was also slightly lower with NAVA at T2 (WO: 63.17 ± 7.72, W: 59.78 ± 7.52 L/min), but these results were not significant. VT was slightly higher with NAVA at T0 (WO:1.08 ± 0.3, W: 1.22 ± 0.75 L/breath), T1 (WO:2.11 ± 0.46, W:2.32 ± 0.8 L/breath) and T2 (WO:2.43 ± 0.47, W: 2.67 ± 0.76 L/breath), but these results were not statistically significant. Also, the mechanical ventilator portion triggered by NAVA was unable to offer sufficient positive pressure to maintain inspiratory flow during exercise (peaked during first minute of exercise). CONCLUSION: NAVA is light, portable, and auto adjustable, which are desirable characteristics for medical equipment for spaceflight missions. It provided assisted breathing at rest but was unable to offered limited mechanical ventilation airflow during exercise. Funding: Annie Martin received a scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for this project.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".