Pre‐loading large volume oral electrolytes: tracing fluid and ion fluxes in horses during rest, exercise and recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Exercise results in rapid and large extracellular to intracellular fluid shifts, as well as significant sweating losses of water and ions. It is unknown whether ions within oral electrolyte supplements are taken up by muscle (and other soft tissues) and whether oral supplementation can effectively offset sweating losses. Pre‐loading with 8 L of a balanced hypotonic electrolyte supplement attenuated extracellular fluid losses, increased exercise duration and increased sweating fluid and ion losses during submaximal exercise. Supplemented electrolytes appear in skeletal muscle within 1 h after administration. Electrolyte supplementation increased exercise performance, improved maintenance of extracellular fluid volumes, and attenuated body fluid losses while maintaining sweating rates. Abstract This study used radioactive sodium ( 24 Na) and potassium ( 42 K) in a balanced, hypotonic electrolyte supplement to trace their appearance in skeletal muscle, and also quantified extracellular and whole‐body fluid and ion changes during electrolyte supplementation, exercise and recovery. In a randomized crossover design, 1 h after administration of 1 to 3 L of water or electrolyte supplement with 24 Na, horses were exercised at 35% VO 2max to voluntary fatigue or, after administration of 8 L of water or electrolyte supplement with 42 K were exercised at 50% peak VO 2 for 45 min ( n = 4 in each trial). Pre‐exercise electrolyte supplementation was associated with decreased loss of fluid and electrolytes from the extracellular fluid compartments during exercise and recovery compared with water alone. The improved fluid and ion balance during prolonged exercise was associated with increased exercise duration, despite continuing sweating losses of fluid and ions. Nasogastric administration of radiotracer 24 Na + and 42 K + showed rapid absorption into the blood with plasma levels peaking 45 min after administration, followed by distribution into the extracellular space and intracellular fluid of muscle within 1 h. Following exercise, virtually all Na + remained within the extracellular compartment, while the majority of K + underwent intracellular uptake by 2 h of recovery. It is concluded that pre‐loading with a large volume, balanced electrolyte supplement helps maintain whole‐body fluid and ion balance and support muscle function during periods of prolonged sweat ion losses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".