An Observational Study of the Efficiency of Activation of Accumulation-Mode Particles in Warm Continental Stratiform Clouds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continuous aircraft measurements of the in-cloud number concentrations (N) of cloud droplets (CD, 2 - 35 μm diameter) and accumulation-mode particles (AMP, 0. 17 - 2.07 μm diam) have been used to study the efficiency of activation of AMP in warm continental stratiform clouds near Syracuse NY during Fall 1984. The efficiency is defined as the activated fraction (F) of all measured particles. Thus, F = Ncd/Ntot where Ntot = Ncd+Namp. The primary focus in this paper is on the dependence of F on Ntot. In the interior of clouds, two distinct regimes of the state of activation of AMP were observed. For Ntot < 600 cm-3, F was largely close to unity and relatively insensitive to Ntot. Such conditions prevailed in relatively Cold airmasses of northerly origin. For Ntot > 800 cm-3, F tended to decrease with increasing Ntot. This decrease was greatest in a stable stratus deck embedded in a warm, moist airmass of southerly origin. The spatial variation of F is used to explore the non-uniform state of activation in the clouds. In general, F was lower in cloud edges and in the upper portions of the clouds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".