Use of artificial cells as drug carriers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cells are the fundamental functional units of biological systems and mimicking their size, function and complexity is a primary goal in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in chemistry, synthetic biology and material science have enabled the development of cell membrane-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), often referred to as "artificial cells" or protocells. Artificial cells can be made by removing functions from natural systems in a top-down manner, or assembly from synthetic, organic or inorganic materials, through a bottom-up approach where simple units are integrated to form more complex structures. This review covers the latest advances in the development of artificial cells as DDSs, highlighting how their designs have been inspired by natural cells or cell membranes. Advancement of artificial cell technologies has led to a set of drug carriers with effective and controlled release of a variety of therapeutics for a range of diseases, and with increasing complexity they will have a greater impact on therapeutic designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".