Direct measurement of geomembrane strain from aggregate indentations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High localized strain in geomembranes caused by indentations from coarse, uniform drainage aggregate is associated with long-term stress cracking and has been widely studied. A number of large-scale lab tests were carried out with direct measurement of the distribution of the major and minor principal (engineering) strain across the area of a large laboratory sample of geomembrane. This ‘grid-point’ method of strain estimation is compared to the method developed by Tognon et al. which has been recommended as the best available approach at this time. It has been found that the method by Tognon et al. tends to over- and under-predict geomembrane strain depending on the aggregate and protection layers used. Indentations with higher smaller ratios of membrane to bending strains tend to be underestimated. A correction factor is proposed based on the ratio of membrane to bending strains and fits the measured grid strain method used in this study well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".