Bibliographic record
Abstract
Every federal system is structured by a federal constitution that divides power, establishes central institutions, prescribes the rules for resolving disputes, safeguards rights, and provides a procedure for its own alteration.In some federal systems, the federal constitution prescribes the political institutions and processes for the country's constituent units as well, thus furnishing the constitutional architecture for the entire federal system.'This is the case in Belgium and Canada, for example.But in most federal systems, the federal constitution is an "incomplete" framework document in that it does not prescribe all constitutional processes and arrangements.Rather, it leaves "space" in the federal system's constitutional architecture to be filled by the constitutions of its sub-national units, even while it sets parameters within which those units are permitted to act. 4 However, those federal systems that recognize a place for sub-national constitutions differ markedly in the extent to which the federal constitution is incomplete, that is, in the amount of space that they allocate to constituent units to define their own goals and establish their own governmental institutions 1.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".