‘Cree-English’: the Creative Word in the Poetry of Louise Halfe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For Aboriginal people, language is not only a means of communication, but is also an expression of the real essence of human nature, a symbol of identity and a way of passing on the traditional knowledge of the past. The language has a spiritual quality that emanates directly from Mother Earth and the essential interdependence between human beings, the earth and language is at the centre of indigenous cultural philosophy. This article focuses on the creative use of indigenous linguistic expressions in the poetry of Louise Halfe, “Skydancer” and on the use and meaning of ‘Cree- English’, a distinctive linguistic form which reflects the hybrid condition of the Cree people and culture. Bibliography Armstrong, Jeannette. 1998. Land Speaking. Simon Ortiz ed. Speaking for the Generations-Native Writers on Writing . Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 175- 194. Armstrong, Jeanette. 2006. The Aesthetic Qualities of Aboriginal Writing, keynote address at the international conference For The Love of Words (Sept 30-Oct 2, 2004, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba). SCL/ELC Studies in Canadian Literature/ Etudes en litterature canadienne , 31, 1: 1-163. Chamberlin, Edward J. 2004. If This is your Land, where are your Stories? Toronto: Vintage Canada. Eigenbrod, Renate. 2005. Travelling Knowledges . Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. Gingell, Susan. 2010. Lips’ Inking: Cree and Cree-Metis Authors’ Writings of the Oral and What They Might Tell Educators. Canadian Journal of Native Education , 32 (Supplement): 35-61. Halfe, Louise. 1994. Bear Bones and Feathers . Regina: Coteau Books. Halfe, Louise. 2004. Blue Marrow . Regina: Coteau Books. Halfe, Louise. 2007. The Crooked Good . Regina: Coteau Books. Lorusso, Mariella. 2010. Contro il terrorismo dal 1492: donne resistenza e spiritualita nella letteratura aborigena canadese . Milano: Arcipelago Edizioni. Lorusso, Mariella. 2012. Inglese Alter-Nativo: l’inglese e le lingue indigene dell’America settentrionale. Carla Comellini (a cura di), I tanti inglesi: studio sulle varianti della lingua inglese , Bologna: Clueb, 81-89. Meli, Francesco. 2007. La letteratura del luogo . Milano: Arcipelago Edizioni. Ortiz, Simon ed. 1998. Speaking for the Generations. Native Writers on Writing . Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. Perrault, Jean. 1999. Memory Alive: An Inquiry into the Uses of Memory in Marilyn Dumont, Jeannette Armstrong, Louise Halfe & Joy Harjo. Rene Hulan ed. Native North America- Critical and Cultural Perspectives . Toronto: ECW Press, 251-270. WEBLIOGRAPHY Armstrong, Jeannette. 2006. The Aesthetic Qualities of Aboriginal Writing (keynote address). For the Love of Words, Aboriginal Writers of Canada. SCL/ELC Studies in Canadian Literature , 31, 1: 20-30, http://www.erudit.org/revue/scl/2006/v31/n1/ (consulted on 01/08/2013).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".