The nonprofit board servant leader : a quantitative analysis of servant leadership behavior in nonprofit board presidents from the perception of nonprofit chief staff officers using Liden's global servant leadership scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this quantitative research study was to fill the gap in the current body of research regarding the leadership behavior characteristics, specifically servant leadership traits, exhibited by volunteer nonprofit board of director presidents. Using Liden's (2008, 2015) Global Servant Leadership Scale, a survey instrument was developed and administered to chief staff officers of nonprofit organizations, asking respondents to reflect on the behavior traits of their nonprofit's board president. Data from the study participants (n [equals] 133) were analyzed to determine a) if servant leadership behavior is exhibited in nonprofit board presidents and to what extent; b) if differences exist in the servant leadership traits of 501(c)3 nonprofit board presidents and the presidents of other types of 501(c) nonprofit organizations; and, c) if a difference exists between servant leadership behavior in board presidents and the nonprofit organization characteristics of organization focus, annual budget size, and geographic scope of the organization's mission, and demographic characteristics of nonprofit board presidents including age, tenure, length of volunteer involvement, and gender identity. The study addresses gaps in the current literature by advancing empirical research using a reliable and valid instrument to assess servant leadership and the use of empirical research in the nonprofit sector to study the leadership behavior of nonprofit board presidents. The findings of the study suggest that nonprofit board presidents do exhibit servant leadership behavior, as defined by Liden's seven dimensions (emotional healing, creating community value, conceptual skills, empowering, helping others grow and succeed, putting others first, and behaving ethically). On average nonprofit board presidents score highest in exhibiting behaving ethically and empowering. The sample studied scored lowest on average in putting others first and helping others grow and succeed. The study findings found significant difference in the behavior dimensions of creating community value, putting others first, and behaving ethically between nonprofit board presidents of city/locally focused nonprofits and those with a inter/national geographic service scope. Additionally, significant difference was found in leadership behavior of the dimension conceptual skills between nonprofit board presidents age 40 to 55 and those age 56 to 75 years old.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".