Numerical simulation of nanofluids forced convection in a corrugated double‐pipe heat exchanger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of TiO 2 ‐H 2 O nanofluids with TiO 2 mass fractions of 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% in corrugated and smooth double‐pipe heat exchangers were compared using numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that TiO 2 ‐H 2 O nanofluids effectively enhanced the heat transfer compared to deionized water, and that the heat exchange capacity gradually increased with the TiO 2 mass fraction. The corrugated pipe heat exchanger disturbed the fluid flow on both the shell side and pipe side, breaking the boundary layer and creating vortices in the corrugated zone. This provided a higher heat transfer capability than the smooth double‐pipe heat exchanger, but also increased the fluid flow resistance in the pipe. In general, the use of nanofluids and corrugated pipes was found to significantly improve the heat transfer efficiency of the double‐pipe heat exchanger.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".