Islamic Traditionalism in the Syrian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the Age of Abdulhamid II (1876—1909)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the reasons and main manifestations of Islamic traditionalism as a stable system of views that dominated the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the last quarter of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Consideration of the main theses of the ideological heritage of Abu l-Huda al-Sayyadi, Salih al-Munayir, Yusuf al-Nabhani and their ideological supporters, as well as the socio-political ties between them, allows us to comprehend the strategies of Sultan Abdulhamid II to justify the sacred and lawful, from an Islamic point of view, the nature of the Sultan's power. The study makes it possible to assess the influence of Muslim traditionalist scholars of the late Ottoman period as the conductors of the government policy aimed at consolidating Muslims around the figure of the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".