Ni/Mn and Al Dual Concentration-Gradients To Mitigate Voltage Decay and Capacity Fading of Li-Rich Layered Cathodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) suffer from severe voltage decay and capacity fading which have hindered their practical application for years. Herein, Co-free LLO microspheres with Ni/Mn and Al dual concentration-gradients are constructed to mitigate the above obstacles. One concentration-gradient is an electrochemical active gradient (Ni/Mn), and the other is an electrochemical inert gradient (Al). XPS and soft and hard XAS after different cycles prove that the combination of dual concentration-gradients effectively mitigates interfacial reactions, structural evolution, and the generation of lower-valence Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ or Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ redox couples during cycling. As a result, the voltage fading rate of LLO cathode with dual concentration-gradients after 100 cycles is as small as 0.97 mV/cycle at 100 mA g –1 . Furthermore, its capacity retention ratio is also as large as 84.1% after 400 cycles at 300 mA g –1 . The combination of dual concentration-gradients in this work provides a way to develop advanced LLO cathodes for practical application in the near future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".