Rationalizing the enhancement of the thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS by secondary doping
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The enhancement of the thermoelectric (TE) properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) through secondary doping is well-known. In particular, the increase in the power factor (PF) following the addition of the strong polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in an aqueous solution is largely reported. However, systematic and comprehensive characterization of the morphological, compositional, and energetic evolution of the system with the addition of the secondary dopant is still missing. Here, the rationalization of the PF enhancement of PEDOT:PSS thin films with the addition of DMSO is presented. The system evolution is followed with morphological, by AFM and grazing incident wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS), compositional, by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energetic, by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), measurements as varying the secondary dopant percentage from 0 to 50 vol. %. UPS measurements reveal no changes in the work function, substantiating the measured constant values of Seebeck coefficient (S) as varying the percentage of DMSO. On the other hand, XPS analysis confirms that the PSS to PEDOT ratio decreases with the addition of DMSO. However, the compositional changes do not influence the molecular packing and the thin film crystallinity, as reported by GIWAXS measurements. This comprehensive analysis of the system evolution makes possible to safely relate the increase in the electrical conductivity (σ) as a function of the secondary dopant to the sole enhancement of the charge carrier mobility, due to both morphological and chemical composition changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".