Unveiling the nature of clusters in the Cygnus region. I. The embedded cluster DB2001–22
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Cygnus region harbours a vast diversity of rich stellar complexes. Hence, it is ideal for studying recently formed stellar clusters, and investigate how the feedback effect and radiation emitted by its massive stars modifies the interstellar medium giving place to induced star forming processes. This is the case of the small and poorly studied cluster DB2001-22. We focus our attention at analysing the cluster and its encompassing region, to distinguish different stellar populations and study their relationship with the surrounding environment. We gleaned literature and data bases for optical and IR photometry, astrometry provided by Gaia eDR3 and spectroscopy, and obtained new infrared Gemini spectra of three young stellar objects candidates (cYSOs). Furthermore, we detected two new massive stars: O7 V and B3 V, in the LAMOST data base, pointing out that DB2001–22 belongs to a much larger complex that involves an entire bubble structure and houses a richer massive population at a distance of 3.0 kpc. In this sense, DB2001–22 and the H ii region G82.6+0.4 are clearly related. Some observed gas and dust structures seem to have been sculpted by these massive stars. Infrared emission is compatible with a hot ionized gas mixed with warm dust surrounded by a structured photo-dissociation region (PDR) scenario. We found nine Class I and 56 Class II cYSOs, whose distribution along the PDR and the tips of pillar structures suggests that their formation may have been induced by the action of the earliest stars in the cluster on to their environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".