Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Full-Length Tau Protein through Biotin-Streptavidin on Gold Surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tau is a neuronal protein responsible for microtubule formation [1]. It is also the pathological protein active in the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathway. When Tau begins to aggregate as a result of misfolding, the neuronal cells die due to the lack of microtubule formation and can take on prion-like properties [2]. Therefore, detection of aggregated Tau can serve as a powerful tool in the early diagnosis of AD and dementia related diseases. As has been previously demonstrated, Tau 441 can be detected with an electrochemical immunoassay based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by using gold electrode [3]. The EIS was also used to monitor interactions between Tau protein and Heparin [4]. Herein, we describe use of EIS to monitor and detect Tau and its aggregates by using gold electrode modified to include a biotinylated aptamer to tau and streptavidin-Au sensor through a series of surface modifications. Surface modifications were characterized using EIS and CV. After modifying the surface of the electrode, the detection of Tau was achieved using EIS. Aggregation of tau was also monitored as a function of Tau or Heparin concentrations, and incubation time and temperature. The control experiments included, Tau-free surface, Heparin-free solution, buffer solution in order to minimize aggregation. The charge transfer resistance, R ct , was determined by fitting the experimental data to the equivalent circuit. The R ct values for Tau-films on gold surface were compared prior and post aggregation. The R ct values were highly dependent on the experimental conditions. Data indicate that this electrochemical sensor holds great promise for detection of neurodegenerative biomarkers which undergo aggregation. References [1] M.D. Weingarten, A.H. Lockwood, S. Hwo, M.W. Kirschner, A Protein Factor Essential for Microtubule Assembly, Natl. Acad Sci. 72 (1975) 1858–1862. [2] F. Clavaguera, J. Hench, M. Goedert, M. Tolnay, Invited review: Prion-like transmission and spreading of tau pathology, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 41 (2015) 47–58. [3] N. Carlin, S. Martic-Milne, Anti-tau antibodies based electrochemical sensor for detection of tau protein biomarkers, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) G3018–G3025. [4] H. Trzeciakiewicz, J. Esteves-Villanueva, R. Soudy, K. Kaur, S. Martic-Milne, Electrochemical characterization of protein adsorption onto YNGRT-Au and VLGXE-Au surfaces, Sensors (Switzerland). 15 (2015) 19429–19442.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".