Sulphur and oxygen isotope signatures of dissolved sulphate in freshwater from King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sulphate ion (SO42-) is one of major species in freshwater as well as seawater, originating from various natural and anthropogenic processes (Krouse & Mayer 2000). Compared to the Northern Hemisphere, where human activities affect the sulphate concentration and isotopic signatures, the contribution of anthropogenic sulphate is likely to be negligible in freshwater and ice cores in the Antarctic region (Patris et al. 2002). This means that the sulphur and oxygen isotope compositions of the dissolved sulphate could hint at information on the sources, formation and deposition due to various natural processes and sulphur cycling in the Antarctic region, especially for the dissolved sulphate in surface waters such as ponds and creeks (Patris et al. 2000, Kim et al. 2017). Here we report the ion concentration and sulphur and oxygen isotope compositions of the dissolved sulphate in freshwater from King George Island in the Antarctic Peninsula, which provide implications regarding the sources of the dissolved sulphate and the sulphur cycling in the Antarctic region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".