Taxonomic and phylogenetic β‐diversity of freshwater fish assemblages in relationship to geographical and climatic determinants in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim A full understanding of the origin and maintenance of β‐diversity patterns in a region requires understanding of: (1) the relationships of both taxonomic and phylogenetic β‐diversity (TBD and PBD, respectively) and their respective turnover and nestedness components with geographical and environmental distances; (2) the relative importance of the turnover and nestedness components of β‐diversity; and (3) the relationships between PBD measures representing different evolutionary depths. Here, we investigate all these aspects of β‐diversity simultaneously for freshwater fishes in North America. Location North America north of Mexico (hereafter, North America). Taxon Freshwater fishes. Methods North America was divided into 360 watersheds. Using two sampling approaches (neighbourhood vs. pairwise), we quantified β‐diversity between fish assemblages using various metrics (representing total, turnover and nestedness components of TBD and PBD, and tip‐ vs. basal‐weighted PBD) and related them to geographical and climatic factors using correlation and regression analyses. Results Geographical patterns of total TBD and PBD and their components of turnover and nestedness for freshwater fish assemblages among neighbouring watersheds were highly congruent across North America. Geographical patterns of basal‐weighted PBD were generally opposite to those of tip‐weighted PBD. Metrics of β‐diversity were weakly associated with contemporary climatic variables. TBD and PBD were associated strongly to moderately with geographical distances and moderately with climatic distances. The relationships of metrics of β‐diversity to geographical distances were stronger than those to climatic distances in all cases. Main conclusions Geographical and ecological patterns are highly congruent between taxonomic and tip‐weighted PBD, but those between tip‐ and basal‐weighted PBD are greatly different, suggesting that evolutionary histories have played an important role in shaping β‐diversity. Our study suggests that geographical distance between watersheds is more important than climate similarity in determining β‐diversity between freshwater fish assemblages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".