Single Fibre Swelling Behavior for Natural and Man-Made Cellulose Fibres Under Industrial Steeping Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Swelling behavior of cotton, dissolving wood pulp (DWP), viscose staple fibre (VsF), and Tencel staple fibre (TsF) in varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were investigated by means of optical microscopy and were characterized by molecular mass distribution, X-ray diffractometer, and dynamic vapor sorption. Effect of temperature (20-45 °C) and duration (0-120 min) was studied. The results reveal that the swelling ratio of fibre in alkali solution depends on fibre accessibility and NaOH concentration. Among all the materials, VsF exhibited the highest swelling ratio and lowest swelling ratio has been observed for cotton fibre. The results suggest that the swelling is limited by the presence of plant cell wall structures in cotton and DWP, rather from fringed-fibrillar, semi-crystalline sub-structures, which result from the inherent tendency of cellulose molecules to form such structures during the biosynthesis of plant cell walls as well as during the formation of regenerated cellulosic textile fibre in wet-spinning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".