Bibliographic record
Abstract
The year 2019 saw the most significant environmental legal developments in Canada in constitutional law disputes over the regulation of the environment between the federal and provincial governments and provincial and municipal governments. The litigation centred on the federal government’s legislative initiative to meet its international climate change commitments through the restriction of carbon emissions and the resistance of some provincial governments to the federal scheme. On a second litigation front, the province of Alberta’s efforts to build the Trans Mountain pipeline extension to move more oil to the British Columbia coastline in order to serve oversea markets were temporarily stymied by the British Columbia government’s use of its provincial environmental approvals laws to limit the flow of fuel into the province. Third, the city of Victoria unsuccessfully attempted to restrict the use of plastic bags without having prior provincial approval in place. Fourth, receivers in bankruptcy were unsuccessful in using the federal bankruptcy laws to shield bankrupt estate assets from provincial regulators addressing abandoned oil wells. Finally, the newly elected Ontario government, which had campaigned during the election to dismantle the provincial cap-and-trade program, was unsuccessful in arguing that the election campaign itself could act as an effective substitute for the consultation process under the provincial Environmental Bill of Rights. The government ultimately followed the consultation process and proceeded to repeal the cap-and-trade program.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.124 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".