Employee entrepreneurship in response to non-compete enforceability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Employee entrepreneurship is an important source of new ventures and economic development. However, employee entrepreneurship is affected by formal institutions such as non-compete agreements. Non-compete agreements stipulate that an employee may not work for a competitor or create a new competing venture, for some period of time and limited scope. We argue from the institutional perspective that employee responses to non-competes can range from compliance, compromise, defiance, avoidance, to manipulation. We test hypotheses predicting four of these five potential responses using a cross-country measure of non-compete enforceability and sample of employee entrepreneurs. Our results indicate that a country’s non-compete enforceability is associated with increased intrapreneurship, reduced spinout entrepreneurship, and more spinouts involving new products or services, especially when employees enter the same industry as their parent firm. These results help to clarify the influence that non-competes can have on the paths that employee entrepreneurs take.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".