Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiple researchers have observed a dramatic shift in US corporate bonds starting roughly in the mid-1990s and extending to the current period: from fixed premium call options to flexible rate call options.1 This flexible rate call provision was known initially as the ‘doomsday call’ and is now referred to as ‘make-whole’ call. It originated in the Canadian corporate bond market in the mid-1980s and migrated to the USA in the mid-1990s.2 Today, it is ubiquitous in the corporate bond market. A fixed premium call typically specified a percentage premium over the principal amount as a function of the remaining time on the bond (eg 110 per cent, if called five years prior to maturity year or 108 per cent if redeemed four years prior and so on).3 A ‘make-whole’ call, instead, measures the amount to be paid as a discounted value of future amounts, with the discount rate being a small spread over the prevailing risk-free rate (eg the discount rate might be the US Treasury rate plus 50 basis points).4
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it