Bigger isn’t always better: an exploration of social perception bias against high levels of muscularity in women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bodybuilding is often considered more appropriate for men than for women. Previous research has shown that knowledge of a target’s involvement in bodybuilding influences interpersonal judgments. The present study examined whether this is also the case for women with competitive-type bodybuilder physiques. Participants (N = 263) were shown photographs of women who competed professionally in different categories of bodybuilding (i.e., bikini, figure, and bodybuilding/physique). Participants were then asked to make a series of judgments on the basis of the photos alone. It was found that the degree of muscularity of the targets shaped participants’ estimates of perceived outcomes and of the targets’ traits in non-bodybuilding domains (e.g., expected positive life outcomes, gender role traits, and sexual orientation). Both men and women apparently considered moderate to high levels of muscularity in women targets as violations of gender norms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".