A single application of chlorhexidine gel reduces gingival inflammation and interleukin 1‐β following one‐stage implant placement: A randomized controlled study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent commonly used in medicine. Application of (CHX) during abutment connection reduced the bacterial load at the implant–abutment interface. We hypothesize this treatment may consequently reduce peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and marginal bone loss. Purpose To evaluate the effect of a single application of CHX gel inside the dental implant internal hexagon on peri‐implant tissue. Methods Forty patients were recruited to this randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial. At the time of implant installation, a 4‐mm healing abutment was connected to the implant. In the test group, chlorhexidine gel 1% was applied inside the implant hex, whereas control implants did not receive any gel. Clinical and radiographic measurements included soft tissue recession (REC), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), keratinized mucosa width (KM), probing depth (PD), and a peri‐apical parallel x‐ray. Peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected for cytokine analysis. t‐Test was used to compare changes from baseline to 3 months. Mann–Whitney U test and t test were used to compare test and control groups. Results Twenty patients in the test group and 17 in the control group completed the study. One implant in the control group failed to osteointegrate. There were no significant differences between the control and test groups for REC changes, bone loss, and PD. GI was significantly lower in the test group after 1 week (1.79 ± 0.24 vs 0.75 ± 0.18, respectively) and 3 months (1.18 ± 0.21 vs 0.25 ± 0.12, respectively) although PI was equal. At 3 months, interleukin 1‐β (IL1‐β) was higher in the control group (p < 0.01) and a positive correlation was found between GI and IL1‐β (rs = 0.60424, p = 0.00032). Conclusions Application of chlorhexidine gel reduced inflammation and IL1‐β levels in the peri‐implant soft tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".