The baryon cycle of Seven Dwarfs with superbubble feedback
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present results from a high-resolution, cosmological, ΛCDM simulation of a group of field dwarf galaxies with the "superbubble"model for clustered SN feedback, accounting for thermal conduction and cold gas evaporation. We compared our results to a previous simulation which has the same initial condition and galaxy formation physics (other than SN feedback), but adopts a delayed-cooling model for supernova. The simulated luminous galaxies have blue colors, low star formation efficiencies and metallicities, and high cold gas content, reproducing the observed scaling relations of dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume. Bursty star formation histories and superbubble-driven outflows lead to the formation of kpc-size dark matter (DM) cores when stellar masses reaches M∗>106 M⊙, similar to previous findings. However, the superbubble model appears more effective in destroying DM cusps than the delayed-cooling model in the previous study, reflecting a higher coupling efficiency of SN energy with the ISM. On larger scale, superbubble-driven outflows have a more moderate impact: galaxies have higher gas content, more extended stellar discs, and a smaller metal-enriched region in the circumgalactic medium (CGM). The two halos with Mvir∼109 M⊙, which formed ultra-faint dwarf galaxies with the delayed-cooling mode, remain dark due to the different impact of metal-enriched galactic winds from two nearby luminous galaxies, indicating that the formation of faint dwarfs is highly dependent on feedback and environmental effects. The column density distributions of H I, Si II, C IV and O VI as a function of the scaled impact parameter (b/Rvir) are in good agreement with recent observations of CGM around isolated dwarf galaxies. While H I is ubiquitous with a covering fraction of unity within the CGM, low and intermediate ions like Si II and C IV are less extended (typically confined within 0.2 - 0.3 Rvir), and non-detections are common. O VI is more extended with column density N(O VI) 1013.5 cm-2 within Rvir, but its mass is only 11% of the total CGM oxygen budget, as the diffuse CGM is highly ionised by the UV background. Superbubble feedback produces C IV and O VI column densities that are an order of magnitude higher than those in the previous study using delayed-cooling feedback. Thus, the CGM and DM cores are most sensitive probes of feedback mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".