A superhydrophobic material based on an industrial solid waste for oil/water separation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, we employed phosphogypsum, an important solid waste of the phosphorus chemical industry, to prepare a superhydrophobic material for oil/water separation using sodium metasilicate and stearic acid as the chemical modifiers through a facile method. This superhydrophobic material has rough micro–nano structure with low surface energy and possesses an average water contact angle of 151.5° as well as an average water sliding angle of 1.8°, showing extremely low adhesion to water. Due to its superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, this material can separate various oil/water mixtures with high separation efficiencies in the range from 92% to 97% by means of a simple apparatus driven by gravity. Additionally, the superhydrophobic material has high resistance to acidic solution and repeated separation, showing the reliability for harsh conditions and long‐term use. This superhydrophobic material prepared based on industrial solid waste is a good example of waste valorization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".