CCOS: A Coded Computation Offloading Strategy for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultra-dense computation services are widely distributed in various application scenarios with the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Relying on the existing ground cellular networks, it is challenging to satisfy the 6G vision of full coverage and massive machine connectivity. Satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN) has abundant computation resources and seamless coverage ability, which can be served as an effective supplementary for the task allocating in cellular networks. Nevertheless, STIN has the characteristic of architecture complexity, unavoidable stragglers and high economic costs. The rational computation resource allocation among distributed on-orbit satellites becomes an urge problem, synthesizing these drawbacks in STINs. In this paper, to address these issues, we attempt to design a coded computation offloading strategy (CCOS) to migrate ground ultra-dense computing tasks to distributed satellite constellations in space. Considering the effect of unpredictable computation resource occupation on satellites, we investigate two coded computation methods, i.e., maximum distance separable (MDS) code and rateless code, to resist the random stragglers occurring on satellite nodes. Then, we formulate the optimization problem about minimizing the delay-energy tradeoff cost with different CCOSs under the tolerant time constraints, and obtain the optimal task offloading decisions (i.e., executing locations and coding parameters) using a proposed low-cost offloading decision searching algorithm (LODSA). Numerical simulation results show that, our coded computation strategies can significantly eliminate the effect of stragglers, and improve the cost performance obviously compared with the un-coded strategies in typical application cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".